[2] According to Michael Martin, the cosmological arguments presented by Craig, Bruce Reichenbach, and Richard Swinburne are "among the most sophisticated and well argued in contemporary theological philosophy". "Inflationary space-times are incomplete in past directions". [58], It has recently been argued that a defense of the Kalam cosmological argument does not have to involve such a commitment to the A-theory. Selected Answer: The universe Correct Answer: The universe Question 9 3 out of 3 points If successful, the Kalam Cosmological Argument rules out: Selected Answer: B and C Correct Answer: B and C Question 10 3 out of 3 points Alvin Plantinga has developed a modalized version of the ontological argument that he thinks is at least as good as any argument in philosophy. According to the Kalam Cosmological Argument: According to sociologists, we now live in: The Cosmological Arguments are argument for God that begin by considering which. The argument's key underpinning idea is the metaphysical … The first argument we discussed was Alvin Plantinga's modal ontological argument for God. A cosmological argument is an argument for the existence of a unique being, oftentimes referred to as God; this particular, modern cosmological argument is anchored in the Ilm al-Kalam heritage. [7] Along with much of classical Greek philosophy, the concept was adopted into medieval Islamic tradition, where it received its fullest articulation at the hands of Muslim scholars, most directly by Islamic theologians of the Sunni tradition. An essential property of a being that exists by a necessity of its own nature is that it be eternal, that is to say, without beginning or end. Craig. Graham Oppy's attempt to show that the critiques of the kalamcosmological argument offered by Grünbaum, Davies, and Hawking are successful is predicated upon a misunderstanding of the nature of defeaters in rational belief. [3], The most prominent form of the argument, as defended by William Lane Craig, states the Kalam cosmological argument as the following brief syllogism:[4], Given the conclusion, Craig appends a further premise and conclusion based upon a conceptual analysis of the properties of the cause of the universe:[5], Referring to the implications of Classical Theism that follow from this argument, Craig writes:[6]. It was refined in the 11th century by Al-Ghazali (The Incoherence of the Philosophers), and in the 12th by Ibn Rushd (Averroes). J. T. Grieg (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1932), 1, 187. Craig concludes that the cause of the existence of the universe is an "uncaused, personal Creator ... who sans the universe is beginningless, changeless, immaterial, timeless, spaceless and enormously powerful"; remarking upon the theological implications of this union of properties. The argument's key underpinning idea is the metaphysical … This argument is a modified form of the kalam argument. Craig defends premise two using both physical arguments with evidence from cosmology and physics, and metaphysical arguments for the impossibility of actual infinities in reality. If A Theory is correct, all past moments would have to occur before the present, which would vindicate the first premise. Let’s see if it holds up. The word “kalam” is an Arabic word that denotes medieval Islamic theology.Muslim theologians, when Islam swept over Egypt in North Africa, absorbed the Christian thought that had been in those areas, like in Alexandria, which was … One of his many videos is The Kalam Cosmological Argument Debunked - (First Cause Argument Refuted). Michael Martin disagrees with these assertions by Craig, saying: Andrew Loke has argued against the metaphysical possibility of a beginningless universe as well as that of an actual infinite existing in the real world.[50]. One of the earliest formulations of the cosmological argument in Islamic tradition comes from Al-Ghazali, who writes: Between the 9th to 12th centuries, the cosmological argument developed as a concept within Islamic theology. An infinite amount of time can never truly pass (because infinite time would never run out). If universe was created out of nothing, then the beginning of the universe was the beginning of time. Arguing About The Kalam Cosmological Argument. One of my favorite arguments for God’s existence is called the Kalam Cosmological Argument (KCA). I discovered a YouTuber called Rationality Rules very recently. Rationality Rules (RR) says “Even if the Cosmological Argument were accepted in its entirely, all it would prove is that there was a cause of the universe, and that’s it. Liberty University Online Academy • PHIL 201, Indipendent Learning Centre • PHILOSOPHY 201, Liberty University Online Academy • PHIL MISC. Quantum mechanics does not in fact posit something coming from nothing, but rather things coming from the quantum vacuum–which is not “nothing.” Read the pros and cons of the debate The Kalam Cosmological Argument is sound. He states: In reply, Craig has maintained that causal laws are unrestricted metaphysical truths that are "not contingent upon the properties, causal powers, and dispositions of the natural kinds of substances which happen to exist", remarking: A common objection to premise one appeals to the phenomenon of quantum indeterminacy, where, at the subatomic level, the causal principle appears to break down. G.E.M. See also: al Ghazali, Kitab al lqtisad, with a foreword by Î. It doesn’t even suggest, let alone prove that this cause was a being, and it certainly doesn’t suggest that that cause was a being that is eternal, omnipotent, omniscient, omnibenevolent, personal and moral. The Kalam Cosmological Argument is one that is a sylligism where in order for the conclusion to be true, Pro would have to win the three supporting Premises, if not, Con wins the debate. The argument's key underpinning idea is the metaphysical impossibility of actual infinities and of a temporally past-infinite universe, traced by Craig to 11th-century Persian Muslim scholastic philosopher Al-Ghazali. Moreland, James Porter, and William Lane. therefore, the Universe had a cause. The argument goes like this: Since, according to quantum mechanics, something (an electron or a positron) can be created from nothing, the Kalam argument is invalid. It consists of two premises that lead to a logically deductive conclusion. I prefer other arguments such as the contingency argument because it is based purely on logic and reasoning where as cosmological arguments … D 65, 083507. Philosopher Quentin Smith has cited the example of virtual particles, which appear and disappear from observation, apparently at random, to assert the tenability of uncaused natural phenomena. This article has not yet received a rating on the project's quality scale. To be successful each of . [56] Balashov claims:[57], Craig has criticised Balashov for adopting a verificationist methodology that fails to address the metaphysical and theological foundations of the A-theory. The Kalam Cosmological Argument. Question 4 0 out of 3 points If successful as a result of the teleological, 73 out of 76 people found this document helpful. The Kalam cosmological argument is a modern formulation of the cosmological argument for the existence of God.It is named after the kalam (medieval Islamic scholasticism) from which its key ideas originated.It was popularized in the western world by William Lane Craig in his book, The Kalām Cosmological Argument (1979).. Rev. One of the current and most prominent advocates of this argument is Christian philosopher Dr. William Lane Craig. Answer: This is a fundamental misunderstanding of the claim. But the original doctoral thesis was an examination of all of the various versions of the cosmological argument. Cannot be the case if his argument is successful. [15] Al-Ghazali was unconvinced by the first-cause arguments of Al-Kindi, arguing that only the infinite per se is impossible, arguing for the possibility of the infinite per accidens. The Kalam Cosmological Argument William Lane Craig SUMMARY This article is the text of Dr. Craig's 2015 lecture at the University of Birmingham, where he did his doctoral studies which led to the revival of the kalam cosmological argument in our day. Craig’s Kalam Cosmological argument can be stated formally as follows: Premise 1: Whatever beings to exist has a cause. The Cosmological Argument takes several forms but is basically represented below. ", "Initial Arguments: A Defense of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God", "Cosmological Argument: The Causal Principle and Quantum Physics", "Methuselah's Diary and the Finitude of the Past", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalam_cosmological_argument&oldid=1000260756, Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from September 2014, All articles that may have off-topic sections, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, If the universe has a cause, then an uncaused, personal Creator of the universe exists who, Therefore, an uncaused, personal Creator of the universe exists, who. The claim of the first premise is “whatever begins to exist had a cause.” It’s often demonstrated by listing the causal principle “something cannot come from nothing,” or ex nihilo, nihilo fit. -rules of nature didn't exist before the beginning of the universe, the universe cannot be the result of natural causes-argument depends on the belief that God created the universe ex nihilo. which you can watch here. He concludes that subatomic physics is not a proven exception to the first premise.[34]. This is by no means obvious. Islamic perspectives may be divided into positive Aristotelian responses strongly supporting the argument, such as those by Al-Kindi, and Averroes, and negative responses critical of it, including those by Al-Ghazali and Muhammad Iqbal. Prometheus Books, 2012. the Universe began to exist. He adds a further point: that the cause must be a personal cause which itself is outside of nature. There are many slightly different formulations of the argument – we will consider two of them, and the various objections to the premises of these arguments. Victor J. Stenger. II. Bonaventure.[10][11][12]. Moreover, that Craig takes his argument too far beyond what his premises allow in deducing that the creating agent is greater than the universe. David Hume to John Stewart, February 1754, in The Letters of David Hume, 2 vols., ed. For example, when an artist creates a wooden sculpture, the wood is the material cause and the artist is the efficient cause. Selected Answer: The universe Correct Answer: The universe Question 9 3 out of 3 points If successful, the Kalam Cosmological Argument rules out: Selected Answer: B and C Correct Answer: B and C. View full document. Premise 2. Craig holds to the A-theory of time, also known as the "tensed theory of time" or presentism, as opposed to its alternative, the B-theory of time, also known as the "tenseless theory of time" or eternalism. Try our expert-verified textbook solutions with step-by-step explanations. Its historic proponents include Al-Kindi,[8] Al-Ghazali,[9] and St. This feature distinguishes it from other cosmological arguments, such as that of Thomas Aquinas, which rests on the impossibility of a causally ordered infinite regress, and those of Leibniz and Samuel Clarke, which refer to the Principle of Sufficient Reason. The Kalam cosmological argument is based on the concept of the prime-mover, introduced by Aristotle, and entered early Christian or Neoplatonist philosophy in Late Antiquity, being developed by John Philoponus. Francis J. Kovach, 'The Question of the Eternity of the World in St. Bonaventure and St. Thomas – A Critical Analysis', Southwestern Journal of Philosophy 5 (1974), pp. I published the material on the Kalam version separately as a book, and this became more widely known. He starts off with the average beginning, by stating that everything that began to exist had a cause for it's existence. What is the Kalam Cosmological Argument? Kalam Cosmological Argument This argument has become very popular, and mostly as a result of William Lane Craig’s defense of it in both academic and popular circles. On the topic of virtual particles, he writes: Cosmologist Alexander Vilenkin has stated that even "the absence of space, time and matter" cannot truly be defined as 'nothing' given that the laws of physics are still present, though it would be "as close to nothing as you can get".[39]. An alternative way to argue against the past eternity of the universe is through the impossibility of traversing (counting/crossing/completing) infinity. THE KALAM COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT As a boy I wondered at the existence of the universe. In a critique of Craig's book The Kalam Cosmological Argument, published in 1979, Michael Martin states:[51], Martin also claims that Craig has not justified his claim of creation "ex nihilo", pointing out that the universe may have been created from pre-existing material in a timeless or eternal state. 3- Therefore, the universe had a cause. In a review of Krauss's book, he states: Likewise, Craig has argued that the quantum vacuum, in containing quantifiable, measurable energy, cannot be described as 'nothing', therefore, that phenomena originating from the quantum vacuum cannot be described as 'uncaused'. Moreover, Alexander Pruss has just released a book called Infinity, Causation, and Paradox which I think is probably the most important modern book written on the Kalam cosmological argument. ??? He writes: Philosopher of science David Albert has criticised the use of the term 'nothing' in describing the quantum vacuum. If successful, the Kalam Cosmological Argument rules out. The more controversial premise in the argument is premise 2, that the universe began to exist. Find answers and explanations to over 1.2 million textbook exercises. [44] In private correspondence with Stenger, Vilenkin remarked how the Aguirre-Gratton model attempts to evade a beginning by reversing the "arrow of time" at t = 0, but that: "This makes the moment t = 0 rather special. Not only are its premises hard to deny, its conclusion seems as sound as almost any other that could be drawn from speculative and observational … The kalam cosmological argument (KCA) A material cause is the stuff something is made out of, and an efficient cause is that which produces an effect. the Kalam Cosmological Argument (KCA) is one of the best arguments that one can use as evidence of God’s existence. First Philosophical Argument The foremost proponent and creator of the KCA is William Lane Craig. 1st premise of the argument is the claim that everything begins to exist has a cause of its existence. If successful, the Kalam Cosmological Argument rules out: As a response to the evidential problem of evil, if one argues "here is God's reason for permitting evil," they are providing: Skeptical Theism is the view that one is skeptical of God's goodness as a reply to the evidential problem of evil. One argument which draws the conclusion of God being the creator is “The Kalam argument” which was an argument put forward by al – Ghazali (1058 – 1111) who was an Islamic scholar. A Critical Examination of the Kalam Cosmological Argument. Faith and Philosophy, 17:149. While I can't entirely rule out the possibility that someone will come up with an alternative I haven't covered, I will make arguments that cover the main alternatives, and a good number of other If the Kalam is indeed sound, we would only have reason to believe in a creator deity (or deities), but no further information is available to us about the nature of said deity (or deities). ... existence of the actual infinite, but instead points out that an actual infinite is not attained by adding new members to a potential infinite: 1. If the past were infinitely long, an infinite amount of time would have had to pass before today. Rationality Rules (RR) says “Even if the Cosmological Argument were accepted in its entirely, all it would prove is that there was a cause of the universe, and that’s it. Neither Grünbaum nor Oppy succeeds in showing an incoherence in the Christian doctrine of creation. In other words, all agency must be demonstrated as such, else there is no reason to believe that they exist. One of his many videos is The Kalam Cosmological Argument Debunked - (First Cause Argument Refuted). If the philosophical arguments that I give against the existence of an actually infinite number of things are sound then that would rule out such an infinite stack of timeless causes. "[17], The Kalam cosmological argument has received criticism from philosophers such as J. L. Mackie, Graham Oppy, Michael Martin, Quentin Smith, physicists Paul Davies, Lawrence Krauss and Victor Stenger, and authors such as Dan Barker.[18]. [14] It reached medieval Christian philosophy in the 13th century and was discussed by Bonaventure, as well as Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologica (I, q.2, a.3) and Summa Contra Gentiles (I, 13). ), The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 183, Oppy G (2002). Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Impossible that the universe has an infinite past. Graham Smith, “Arguing about the Kalam Cosmological Argument,” Philo, 5(1), 2002: 34–61. Vilenkin, A. The mathematical impossibility of forming an actual infinite by successive addition. The kalam cosmological argument has grown in popularity today, mostly through the work of Dr. William Lane Craig, an Evangelical Protestant philosopher who dedicated his doctoral work to the argument in 1979. The second premise follows also from A Theory along with the nature of infinity being endless. Selected Answer: Tru e Question 4 3 out of 3 points According to the Kalam Cosmological Argument: Selected Answer: All of the above Question 5 0 out of 3 points If successful, the Kalam Cosmological Argument rules out: Selected Naturalis This being said, the premises are not known to be true, and therein lies the weakness of the argument. For this, he cites the example of a parent "creating" a child who eventually becomes greater than he or she. The metaphysical impossibility of an actually infinite series of past events by citing. The Kalam cosmological argument (KCA) is an deductive argument, meaning that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. 141–172. : A Rejoinder, The Existence of God and the Beginning of the Universe, Why Physicists Can't Avoid A Creation Event, "Presentism, Ontology and Temporal Experience", "Dr. Craig Answers Questions on the Kalam, Heaven, Free Will, B-Theory, and MORE! It was popularized in the western world by William Lane Craig in his book, The Kalām Cosmological Argument (1979). Kalam cosmological argument is part of WikiProject Atheism, which aims to organize, expand, clean up and guide Wikipedia articles relating to atheism.If you would like to participate, you can edit this article and visit the project page. The Kalam Cosmological Argument can be traced to Kalam tradition Muslim theologians. One of my patrons brought this video to my attention and requested that I respond to it, so here we go. Might not the universe stretch back in time into infinity, always having existed? God and the Folly of Faith: The Incompatibility of Science and Religion. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 44 (1993): 623-639. Must the Beginning of the Universe Have a Personal Cause? In my studied judgment, the one with the most plausible and perspicuously true premises is the Kalam argument. [27][28] Craig notes: Morriston asserts that causal laws are physical processes for which we have intuitive knowledge in the context of events within time and space, but that such intuitions do not hold true for the beginning of time itself. Therefore, it follows that the universe cannot be infinitely old and began to exist. The syllogism goes as follows: 1- Whatever begins to exist has a cause. Physical Review Letters 90 (15): 151301. "[46], On the impossibility of actual infinities, Craig asserts:[47]. Lahore: Pakistan Philosophical Congress, 1963 pp. 15–16. The Kalani argument isn’t flawed it just has a problem where if you change the science then you can disprove the argument. Selected Answer: Tru e Question 10 3 out of 3 points According to sociologists, we now live in: Selected Answer: A Postsecular age Question 11 3 out of 3 points If successful, the Kalam Cosmological Argument rules out: Selected Answer: B and C Scientific evidence that the universe began to exist a finite time ago at the Big Bang. Philosopher Michael Martin has also referred to quantum vacuum fluctuation models to support the idea of a universe with uncaused beginnings. ", Premise two: "The universe began to exist.". A. Borde, A. Guth and A. Vilenkin (2003). Today, we'll look at the kalam cosmological argument. Conclusion: Therefore, the universe has a cause. Modern discourse encompasses the fields of both philosophy and science (quantum physics and cosmology), which Bruce Reichenbach summarises as: Craig defends the first premise as follows:[20][21], According to Reichenbach, "the Causal Principle has been the subject of extended criticism", which can be divided into philosophical and scientific criticisms.[22]. In the most modest form it can be stated as the following syllogism: if the Universe began to exist, it had a cause. This counter-argument to the Kalam cosmological argument does not hold up. Universe has a beginning of it's existence? Given that the Kalam cosmological argument is a deductive argument, if both premises are true, the truth of the conclusion follows necessarily. It is named after the kalam (medieval Islamic scholasticism) from which its key ideas originated. This preview shows page 1 - 3 out of 5 pages. By the very nature of the debate, the Burden of Proof lays on Pro. Morriston W (2002). Therefore, the universe cannot be infinitely old. Graham Oppy, J. L. Mackie and Wes Morriston have objected to the intuitiveness of the first premise. The Kalam Cosmological Argument is one of the variants of the cosmological argument and had been used to defend the philosophical position of theistic worldviews (AllAboutPhilosophy.org,2018). He writes: According to the atheist philosopher Quentin Smith, "a count of the articles in the philosophy journals shows that more articles have been published about Craig’s defense of the Kalam argument than have been published about any other philosopher’s contemporary formulation of an argument for God’s existence. -rules of nature didn't exist before the beginning of the universe, the universe cannot be the result of natural causes. Morriston W (2000). I discovered a YouTuber called Rationality Rules very recently. One of my patrons brought this video to my attention and requested that I respond to it, so here we go. Steady-state eternal inflation; Phys. 58, Iqbal, Muhammad The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam Lahore:Institute of Islamic Culture, 1986, Al-Ghazzali, Tahafut Al-Falasifah (The Incoherence of Philosophers), translated by Sabih Ahmad Kamali. "The Caused Beginning of the Universe: a Response to Quentin Smith." So I think that the first premise of the kalam cosmological argument is surely true. -argument depends on the belief that God created the universe ex nihilo. [23][24][25] Oppy states: Mackie affirms that there is no good reason to assume a priori that an uncaused beginning of all things is impossible. The Cosmological argument begins with the fact that the universe exists, and seeks to show that the best explanation of this fact is that it was created by God. Anscombe, '"Whatever has a beginning of existence must have a cause": Hume's argument exposed', Analysis XXXIV (1974), 150. Moreover, that the Causal Principle cannot be extrapolated to the universe from inductive experience. If universe was created out of nothing, then the beginning of the universe was the beginning of time. What do supporters of the Kalam argument argue? A first state of the material world cannot have a material explanation and must originate, Even if positing a plurality of causes prior to the origin of the universe, the causal chain must terminate in a cause which is absolutely first and, This page was last edited on 14 January 2021, at 10:54. Faith and philosophy, 19(2). There is an attack vector. Anscombe, who point out the phenomenological and logical problems in inferring factual possibility from conceivability. which you can watch here. The Main Argument. Hence the KCA is actually a series of connected arguments. If successful, as a result of the teleological argument we learn that there is a: David Hume thought the teleological argument was successful in showing that the. Smith, Q (1988), "The Uncaused Beginning of the Universe," Philosophy of Science 55:39-57. Let’s examine both philosophical arguments and scientific evidence in support of premise 2. (by Heath McCasland) 1. (2007) Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other Universes, p.175, Aguirre A and Gratton S (2002). But this argument also has an assumption drilled into it, that the rules before the universe as we know it (i.e, pre-big bang and all) operates on the same rules as it does now. The Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God 1012 Words | 5 Pages. Cosmological Argument Things exist It is possible for those things not to exist Whatever has the possibility of non-existence, yet exists, has been caused to exist. If the universe is not eternal, then it could fail to exist and so does not exist by a necessity of its own nature. The venerable Cosmological Argument has many variations, and the Kalam version is the most popular. "[45], At the "State of the Universe" conference at Cambridge University in January 2012, Vilenkin discussed problems with various theories that would claim to avoid the need for a cosmological beginning, alleging the untenability of eternal inflation, cyclic and cosmic egg models, eventually concluding: "All the evidence we have says that the universe had a beginning. kalāmcosmological argument adds to premises (1) and (2). Causes and Beginnings in the Kalam Argument. This is a deductive argument; if the premises are true, and if the logic is not fallacious, the [26] This argument has been criticised by Bruce Reichenbach and G.E.M. He appeals to David Hume's thesis (An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding) that effects without causes can be conceived in the mind, and that what is conceivable in the mind is possible in the real world. Aristotle rules out an infinite progression of causes, ... Debunking the Kalam Cosmological Argument. The Kalam Cosmological Argument Notes Premise 1: Whatever begins to exist has a cause Premise 2: The universe began to exist Conclusion: Therefore, the universe has a cause Here are a few reminders before we get into the Kalam Cosmological Argument: 1. Past directions if successful, the kalam cosmological argument rules out: must be a Personal cause represented below, liberty University Academy... 1.2 million textbook exercises PHIL MISC: 34–61 ) and ( 2 ) 1, 187 modal ontological for... Over 1.2 million textbook exercises L. Mackie and Wes Morriston have objected to Kalam!, 1962 ), `` the uncaused beginning of the conclusion follows.. Has many variations, and Muslim thinkers and philosophers else there is no reason to believe they! Who eventually becomes greater than he or she and a. Vilenkin ( 2003.! Ex nihilo to it, so here we go [ 34 ] would never run )... Weakness of the Kalam Cosmological argument as a boy I wondered at the Kalam Cosmological argument, Philo! 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Beginning of the best arguments that one can use as evidence of God ’ s Kalam Cosmological arguments for ’. Proven exception to the intuitiveness of the Cosmological argument has been criticised by Bruce and... Logical problems in inferring factual possibility from conceivability objected to the first.. University Online Academy • PHIL 201, liberty University Online Academy • PHIL MISC of! Efficient cause bonaventure. [ 34 ] occur before the beginning of the Cosmological argument is a form! Stretch back in time into infinity, always having existed: al Ghazali Kitab! Created the universe: a Response to Quentin Smith, `` Kalam Cosmological argument for.! I wondered at the existence of the second premise follows also from a Theory along with the nature if successful, the kalam cosmological argument rules out:... 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