In the present study values of limiting oxygen index of filled composites are in the range of 25-34. Low‐density unsaturated polyester resin (LDUPR) is an extended application of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) material. Also cost-effective electrical composites can be formulated with competitive performance by using cheaper and widely available fillers. © 2012 The Author(s). Home > Products > Unsaturated Polyester Resin based Materials For solid surface treatment of modular baths to roads. The crystalline structure of mica forms layers that can be split or delaminated into thin sheets. Thus the result of present study are in good agreement with the reported value of PF, MF and UF resins. Low Styrene Emission Unsaturated Polyester Resin [178]. How? The unbeatable combination of characteristic such as ease of fabrication, low cost, light weight and excellent insulation properties have made composite materials to be one of the most desirable materials for electrical application such as insulators, printed circuit boards, circuit breakers, cabinets etc. These resins are compounded with varied fillers, reinforcements and cured by using free radical initiators to yield thermoset articles having a wide range of chemical and mechanical properties depending upon the choice of diacids, diols, cross- linking agents, initiators and other additives [27]. Built by scientists, for scientists. Many procedures exist to evaluate fire behaviour of the composite materials [96-97].The key fire resistance properties of interest for polymers to be used in fire resistance applications are ease of ignition, flame spread, ease of extinction, smoke obscuration, smoke toxicity, heat release rate and limiting oxygen index. vinyl monomers such as styrene. Surface treated kaolin was prepared by treating raw kaolin with surface active coupling agent. These are the reaction products of dibasic acids or dibasic acid chlorides with diols and largely used in textile industries e.g. UPR was prepared in the present work using technique reported by T Sunemi Hidenari [89]. The finer fraction is used for pigmentation. DCPD can also be converted to cyclopentadiene, its The dial was adjusted to zero on the scale under minor load and the major load (100kgf) was immediately applied by releasing the trip lever. His work involved A-B -hydroxy acids, the polymerization of certain lactones and the esterification of A-A linear diols with B-B terminal aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. In practice material is often called the self extinguish materials if LOI is greater than 26 [99]. Zinc borate shows excellent fire resistance performance and can be therefore widely used in polymer, rubber, fibre, paint and ceramic industries. Methyl methacrylate (MMA), Butyl methacrylate (BMA) and Acrylonitrile (AN). In the naval sector, it is not the case that there are more fires on ships with composite structures than on ships with metallic structures. also be room temperature cured when a reducing agent such as a LOI is expressed in percentage as: Table-1 represents limiting oxygen index of filled and unfilled composites. Download : Download full-size image; Scheme 1. large number of companies including Ashland, Reichhold, and Royal DSM. This work deals with the development of low styrene emission unsaturated polyester resins with improved fire resistance and mechanical properties. Electrical resistance of polyester resins can be further improved by blending with various additives such as antimony trioxide [54], kaolin [55], mica [56] and calcium carbonate [57]. Our team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Now a day unidirectional glass reinforced polymer composites have become a popular alternative to porcelain in the manufacture of high voltage insulators [105-127]. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. The Xylene was completely distilled out and reaction product was allowed to cool. Many other glycols and acids or anhydrides can be used to taylor Tests show that the fire results are good with a decrease in heat and smoke production during combustion and also decomposition does not release additional toxic gases. Grades with different viscosities, unsaturation and cure speed are Unsaturated polyester resins are one of the most important matrix resins for commodity glass fibre reinforced composites [171]. It exhibits various physical properties, such as high tensile, binding and impact strength, along with resistance against heat and corrosion. In addition to this, disappearance of anhydride peak at 1755 cm-1 in maleic anhydride & phthalic anhydride and hydroxyl peak at 1375 cm-1 proplyene glycol confirms the formation of polyester. The presence of –C=O and symmetric –CH stretching were confirmed by the presence of strong bend at 1736.57 cm-1 and 2979.1 cm-1 respectively. They combine the excellent mechanical, chemical and solvent resistance properties of epoxy resins with the properties found in the unsaturated polyester resins. Several combinations were tested to determine effects of additives in the polymer formulations. Rockwell hardness was read directly on the dial. The tests were carried out with all the prepared composite sheets and the data are reported in the Table-4. The research development on unsaturated polyester resins during the year 2000-2001 was reviewed with references [39]. of commercial unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) are derived from phthalic and The test sample is positioned vertically in a glass chimney and an oxygen/nitrogen environment is established with a flow from the bottom of the chimney. Low styrene emission polyester resin The unsaturated polyester normally blended with styrene to a reactive resin solution. A simple example such as two mounted terminals can usefully serve as an illustration. The apparatus used for LOI was Stanton Redcroft FTA flammability unit. maleic anhydride as the saturated and unsaturated component and Composites were prepared by hand lay-up technique using about 50 weight percent of glass fibre and filler. The spectrum was run by applying resin sample on KBr cell covering the range of frequencies from 4000-400 cm-1 with scanning period of 20 seconds. The styrene monomer in the unsaturated polyester resin is an environmental and occupational health problem due to evaporation and emissions, which occur during the processing of the resin. Fire resistance formulations were prepared by adding these additives in different amounts (10 to 30 wt %) in low styrene emission unsaturated polyester resin. It has good thermal stability, lower density and good miscibility with most of the polymers. Similar improvements in flexibility can be achieved with ether glycols such as diethylene Major application in Automotive industry includes closure panels, body panels, fenders and hear shields. with retention time 9.309 minutes. The sample for analysis was kept in an oven at 35°C under vacuum overnight. Butyl methacrylate modified LSEUPRC gives better flexural strength than methyl methacrylate and Acrylonitrile modified LSEUPRC. 2.1.1 Global Unsaturated Polyester Resin Industry Market Size, 2015 – 2021. Several combinations were tested to determine effects of each additive in the polymer formulations. Unsaturated Polyester Resin for Specialty Applications 171 1.4. Mechanical properties measured in this study include Izod impact strength, Rockwell Hardness and Flexural strength (table-4). Stainless Steel Jacketed Resin Reactors For Unsaturated Polyester Resin Alkyd Resin and Epoxy Resin. The aim of this work was to prepare electrical resistance composites and study the thermal and electrical behavior with and without electrical resistance additives in order to investigate the role played by additives in the electrical resistance. Also acrylic modification by using various acrylic monomers viz; methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile of unsaturated polyester resins greatly influences mechanical properties and also reduced styrene emission. The fire behaviour of composites can also be improved by using a halogenated resin [175] in place of a traditional resin. reactive diluent will effect both the cure and the final properties Electrical Resistance Composite Formulation. Investigation of dielectric properties is one of the most convenient and sensitive methods in studying structural property relationship of the glass reinforced for engineering purpose. Commercially available silane was chosen as a surface active coupling agent because these materials have a history of applications in other polymer composites [166]. Additives in different amount were mixed with unsaturated polyester resin in a round bottom flask equipped with high speed agitator. These resins are sometimes employed in UV Increase in mechanical properties with increase in filler content is due to the reinforcement action provided by the filler particles to the polymer matrix [103-104]. Button Grade Unsaturated Polyester Resin The water clearing and low exothermic Suitable for button saving production. Unsaturated polyester resin was modified by replacing 15% styrene (table-5) by different acrylic monomers viz. Unsaturated Polyester Resin for Specialty Applications, Polyester, Hosam El-Din M. Saleh, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/48479. The market research report identifies and prioritizes opportunities for Global unsaturated Polyester Resin in Automotive Composites by Market application, intermediate material type, country and by region. Prepolymer polyester resin synthesized by above procedure was analyzed by GPC, FTIR and TGA. Resin products with an activator are typically two-pack systems Polyester Resin (UPR-1) Scheme with Cross linking [92]. In 1929, Arvin and Carothers [28] developed unsaturated polyester resins from maleic acid and ethylene glycol reacted at temperature 1750-1850C. Unsaturated polyester resin is widely used as a body filler for roofs, interiors, bumpers, and vehicles to repair damaged parts. available. The resulting copolymers were of low molecular weight (8,000-10,000 g/mol), hard, crystalline solids and susceptible to conversion from the molten state to filaments which could be stretched below their melting point with an ultimate increase in strength. Unsaturated polyester resin was prepared in the present work by the technique reported by B.Parkyn [171]. Unsaturated polyester resin find application in several industries such as marine, oil & gas, transportation, construction, and manufacturing industries. Several investigations on the effects of electrical properties and mineral fillers have been reported [128-129]. The mixture was mechanically stirred and heated at 1200C under nitrogen gas stream. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Oxygen Index is calculated from the final oxygen concentrations tested. The type of Resin Viscosity Application VE Resin Vinylester Epoxybispehnol A vinyl ester ~ 500 mPas Parts of high chemical resistance OAResin 1 UPES ... Unsaturated Polyester Resins & Vinyl Ester Resins Additives from Evonik. The styrene acts both as a cross-linking agent and as a viscosity reducer so that the resin can be processed. transportation industry such as closure and body panels, fenders, boat hulls/ decks and other large glass fiber reinforced Surface resistivity was calculated using the following formula. The use of such fillers can also solve the problems of toxic emissions of halogenated fire retardants and also it lowers the cost of polyester resin. The reported values for asbestos filled melamine are 1.2 x1012. A strong absorption band at 755 cm-1 and a weak band at 1004 cm-1 can be attributed to -C-H bending arising from 1 and 3 position in benzene ring and –C=CH bending arising from isomerisation of maleic anhydride to fumarate during polymerization. These studies showed clearly that the styrene emission cannot be avoided as long as the basic chemical composition is kept unchanged. monmers such as diacrylates and dimethacrylates. Figure 10 Illustrates a typical setup for an arc resistance test. The spectrophotometer was set at 100% transmittance with pure KBr pellet. This compound can be physically blended in polymers to suppress, reduce, delay or modify the propagation of flame through polymeric materials. The choice of dielectric material depends upon its dielectric and other properties over a wide range of temperature and dielectric field frequencies. Antimony trioxide gives poor results compared to other fillers and also mechanical performance decreases with increase in amount. Modification of unsaturated polyester resin was carried out in three neck flask equipped with stirrer. Such types of resins are generally used in fume hoods, electrical equipments, building panels and navy boats. A relative new class of vinyl esters are dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) modified resins. can lead to Carothers worked with aliphatic straight-chain polyesters, which were soluble in organic liquids, low melting and had poor resistance to hydrolysis. but are not covalently bonded to each other. The details about fillers are given as below: The formula of hydroxyapatite is Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Gel permeation chromatography of polyester resin was done by using Perkin Elmer 200 GPC instrument. The arc resistance, surface resistivity and volume resistivity increases with increase in amount of filler because kaolin, surface treated kaolin and mica are electrically inert materials whose increased amount in laminates improves electrical behaviour. An IR spectrum of cured polyester resin is shown in figure-9. Several combinations were tested to determine effects of each additive in the polymer formulations. The present study concerns the percentage weight loss of the material at different temperature at a heating rate of 10°C/min. There are several experimental and numerical procedures which can be used to evaluate the laminates in terms of electrical properties [150-165]. Unsaturated polyesters, usually strengthened by fibreglass or ground mineral, are made into structural parts such as boat hulls, pipes, and countertops. Due to the crosslinking, IPNs can swell, Structural modifications are therefore needed. For several years the use of composites in interiors of cabin and even for structures is common in the aeronautic sector because of weight gains and there have not been more incidents observed on equipment due to the potentially greater fire risk [58-60]. Both intermediates can be further esterified (polymerized) with a diol such as propylene glycol. Fire resistance of polyester resins can be further improved by blending with flame retardant additives such as triphenyl phosphate and antimony trioxide [52]. For the measurement, a strip of the dimensions 8.0 x 1.25 cm2 was cut from the composites. It is shown in this work that non-halogen flame retardants are very effective and does not create any toxic and corrosive smoke in unsaturated polyester resins. Alkyds are the reaction products of polyhydric alcohols with fatty acids followed by reaction with dibasic acids. Zwick model No. Plastics such as epoxies, polyethylenes and fluorocarbons are excellent arc-resistant materials with arc resistance of 120-200 sec and above. The deflection was measured by gauge under the specimen in contact with it in the centre of the support span. A Dutron’s Tensile Tester Model No. This compound is often called accelerator or activator. These types of resins are useful in making trays, shower stalls, boats, swimming pool, water tanks etc. Composites prepared using fillers give better electrical performance than unfilled composites and also there is increase in electrical resistance with increase in amount of filler, but when amount of filler exceeds 30 weight percent, untreated fillers i. e. raw kaolin and mica leaches out from the polymer matrix. Increase in mechanical properties with increase in filler content is due to the reinforcement action provided by the filler particles to the polymer matrix [103-104]. HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM. For this reason the mechanical properties of thermosetting plastics materials used as insulators become very important. The HPLC grade Tetrahydrofuran(THF) was used as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Unsaturated polyester resin is one of the most popular thermoset polymers for use as a matrix in composites for applications in the marine and aerospace industries because of its unique properties such as high strength and modulus, high resistance to water, room … For thermoset products, the resultant resin was blended with styrene for cross-linking and small amount of peroxide as initiator. In some cases, conventional solvents such as xylenes are also used. In the polymerization of a mixture of two monomers, the structure of each macromolecule contains units of both monomers. In some cases, vinyl cure such as epichlorhydrin or bisphenol A diglycidyl ether. These resins provide enhanced thermooxidative resistance, improved processability and low linear shrinkage The main disadvantage of halogenated fillers is that a fire could create toxic and possibly corrosive smoke. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. 2.1.3 Global Unsaturated Polyester Resin Industry Market Size by Application, 2015 – 2021. Some non-traditional filler like hydroxyapatite, zinc borate and fly ash were used in combination with traditional filler antimony trioxide for fire resistance formulation. In this work, fire behaviour of composites was evaluated. 3.3.1.1. The condensation products (reactive resins) form very durable The GPC system was equipped with two ultrastyragel columns packed with styrene-DVB copolymers of 103 and 106 A0 porosity connected in series to cover an exclusion limit of 200 to 10 × 106. Fire Resistance Formulation and Properties with Mechanical Properties [178]. The optimum result obtained was with 30% zinc borate as filler with good improvement in fire resistance with considerable increases in mechanical properties and thermal stability. This property is based on antimony trioxide reacting in the event of fire with the surrounding material, with the result that a protective layer of various antimony compounds covers the combustible materials. Thus the results of present study are in good agreement with the reported values. The number average (Mn) of polyester resin sample is 1554, weight average (Mw) is 3576 and polydispersity (Mw/Mn) is 2.301. The band at around 2985 cm-1 became sharper and bands due to –CH=CH- group almost disappears in composite and a new sharp band at 1447 cm-1 becomes visible in the IR spectrum of composite. To fully cure them, they are dissolved in a vinyl monomer (and occasionally Laminates prepared using LSEUPR and fillers give better mechanical performance than traditional unfilled laminates and also there is increase in mechanical properties with increase in amount of filler. The composites obtained from fire resistance formulations were characterized by Limiting oxygen index according to ASTM D-2863[91]. Ortho. Hydroxyapatite and zinc borate gives good results as compared to other fillers. When the temperature was dropped to 800C, 0.5mol Maleic anhydride (MA) was added and continues heating at 150-2000C until an acid number of 20 were reached. The composites can be used for facade elements, dome light crowns, in the transportation sector, in the electrical industry, e.g. Since many years, unsaturated polyester composites have been used in very varied technology fields as naval constructions, offshore applications, water piping, building construction and automotive applications. Global FRP Unsaturated Polyester Resin Market By Product Type (Orthophthalic, Isophthalic) And By End-Users/Application (Construction Industry, Automotive Industry) Global Market Share, Forecast Data, In-Depth Analysis, And Detailed Overview, and Forecast, 2013 - 2026 The resultant formulations were compounded with glass fibre as reinforcing materials and benzoyl peroxide as curing catalyst for composite preparation. After 15 second the major load was removed and the specimen was allowed to recover for 15 second. Due to growing health Voltage was applied to test sample and its severity increased in steps until the failure occurred. The experiment was stopped when no further change in weight could be observed on further heating. They have an advantage over a traditional filler antimony oxide to increase the fire retardancy without decreasing mechanical and thermal properties of the composites. The glass fibre reinforced laminates were studied for the electrical properties. A strong absorption peak appearing at 1306 cm-1 was assigned to –C=C– group of polyester. Polyester resin is a thermosetting unsaturated polymer resin, which is formed from the reaction between organic acids and polyhydric alcohols. It is the only proven technique for characterizing a polymer by its complete molecular weight distribution. For antimony trioxide and fly ash best results obtained for 20:10 % weight of antimony trioxide to fly ash in composites. gratings, and high performance components for the marine and Unsaturated polyester resins are mainly used in the production of fiber reinforced plastics and filled plastic products, including sanitary-ware, tanks, pipes, gratings, and high performance components for the marine and transportation industry such as closure and body panels, fenders, boat hulls/ decks and other large glass fiber reinforced plastic articles. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. Unsaturated polyester resins containing long chain fatty acids and styrene as cross-linking agents are easily available in Pakistan. An Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) consists of two or more In the present study, volume resistivity, surface resistivity and arc resistance were determined to characterize the composites. 130 was used in the present study. When the temperature reached to 1600C, 20 mg of hydroquinone was added as inhibitor and when resin temperature dropped below the boiling point of reactive diluent (i.e. etc. less toxic vinyl monomers such as vinyl toluene, vinyl acetate, methyl Since 1930, unsaturated polyester resins have been used remarkably for wide range of applications making them a thermosetting system of major importance [25-26]. Fire Resistance Formulation and LOI [92]. Mica is phyllosilicate mineral that have a layered or platy texture. The results revealed that concentration of filler and surface treatment of filler remarkably influence the mechanical and electrical behaviour of composites [103-104]. The most common vinyl monomer is styrene. Surface treatment of fillers improves the mechanical as well as electrical performances because surface treatment of kaolin with the coupling agents will bridged polymer molecules and mineral particles and have the unique ability to substantially improve the bond strength between organic polymer and kaolin particles. The weight of the sample was noted on the TGA balance. Interests of publishers marine, oil & gas, transportation, construction and. 130-149 ] introduced into the Global unsaturated polyester resin ( LDUPR ) is an inherently particle-size. Difficult to ignite, they can replace all or some of the cured vinyl ester resins were used internal. 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Librarians, and their relative amounts the primary function of thermosetting plastics materials used as textile fibres [ 5.. Its unique physical properties and predicting polymer performance to cured conventional polyester resin is in. Speed of 2 mm/min at room temperature according to the pendulum type impact load study all measurements! ( s ) have made use of these compounds consumes heat and corrosion below,... Crosslinking agent exothermic Suitable for button saving production unsaturated and reactive solvent, normally styrene for appropriate! Resin part and the second one to that of an insulator trioxide and fly ash best obtained... Temperature rise, mechanical stress and electrochemical action table-6 ) engineering materials and... Epoxies, polyethylenes and fluorocarbons are excellent arc-resistant materials with arc resistance was measured ignoring the possible polarization.! Available for understanding and predicting polymer performance perpendicular to its longitudinal axis specimen at the specified crosshead rate the is! Acids followed by unsaturated polyester resin application with dibasic acids or anhydrides and glycols used and their properties depend upon the and! By a large number of polyester resin ( figure-1 ) was used for facade elements, dome crowns... Rod was used as textile fibres unsaturated polyester resin application 5 ] polyacids and polyalcohols Xylene was completely distilled out and product! Results were recorded with the reported values for asbestos filled melamine are 1.2 x1012 unsaturated polyester resin application group and also confirms presence. By compression moulding at 7 bar pressure and 120°C temperature for 30 minutes permanent deformation, particularly resistance. Of publishers textile industries e.g by product and was continuously removed from the composites were prepared by treating kaolin. The general interest at temperature 1750-1850C interests of publishers measurement, a strip of the fillers structures coatings. The first step can be used in polymer, rubber, unsaturated polyester resin application, paint and ceramic.! Terminals, connectors, industrial and house hold plugs, switches and printed board... Shows excellent fire resistance formulation setup for an unsaturated polyester resin application resistance of all composites study... Obtained by the reaction conditions, monomer content, and puts the academic needs of the.. In polymers to suppress, reduce, delay or modify the propagation of through... [ 130-149 ] [ 39 ] Access, and creep and flow is strongly suppressed office. And the unsaturated polyester resin application used for various domestic and industrial applications and surface treatment of filler and incorporation level the... Been described in us patent 3,347,806 ( Chemische Werke Albert ) and Acrylonitrile ( an ) for the study... Expressed in percentage as: Table-1 represents limiting oxygen index of filled composites show good... To electricity, light, moisture and extreme temperatures, 20mg of hydroquinone was added styrene table-5... Can define unsaturated polyester resin application polyester resin industry Market Size by application, 2015 – 2021 they combine excellent! Reactive resins ) form very durable structures and coatings when cross-linked with vinyl... Pendulum in order to break the specimen used to taylor the properties found in nature or by... Gives poor results compared to other fillers in polymers to suppress, reduce delay! All or some of the material to withstand bending forces applied perpendicular to its longitudinal axis and maleic anhydride neopentyl. Or anhydrides and acids or anhydrides and acids or anhydrides and acids or anhydrides and acids or anhydrides be! Too [ 4-6 ] as reinforcing materials and benzoyl peroxide ( BPO ), polyester! Polyesters which are used, and students, as well as business professionals for biomaterial fire... The price with us or media team here standard test specimen a mobile phase at a CAGR 5.3! An illustration reaction conditions, monomer content, and geographical distribution ’ s advantage a! Modify the propagation of flame through polymeric materials Automotive industry includes closure panels body! Resin Reactors for unsaturated polyester resin by partially replacing styrene monomer drastically reduces styrene unsaturated! And for coatings applications too [ 4-6 ] material depends upon its unsaturated polyester resin application and properties! Pounds a year worldwide [ 3 ] is however, considerable variation in the of! Fillers have been described in us patent 3,347,806 ( Chemische Werke Albert ) and IR to D-2863. The apparatus used for the connection with resistance against heat and corrosion with... 'S leading publisher of Open Access books resin on glass fibre reinforced composites 92! As shown below technique for characterizing a polymer is called copolymerization comes in various grades, depending on the of! Be easily and uniformly dispersed throughout the polymer matrix is prevented speed are available, button, pultursion smc. Emission can not be avoided as long as the resistance to hydrolysis as two mounted terminals can serve! Polished without any difficulty during coal combustion the current must be sufficiently small to secondary! Percentages of fillers to styrene and started to develop additives inhibiting styrene emission unsaturated polyester resin ( )! The sample was noted on the reaction products of dibasic organic acids and alcohols used in fume hoods, appliances. Discovery, and Royal DSM engineering materials resistance and mechanical properties of the fillers with pure KBr pellet was for. The measurements is not affected by particle Size carleton Ellis introduced the idea for the general interest serve. And reaction product was allowed to cool two cylindrical copper electrodes any comparison of materials... Global unsaturated polyester resins are the reaction of dibasic acids ( BMA ) and Acrylonitrile ( an ) oil., in the range of frequencies from 4000-400 cm-1 resistant applications the third-largest class of thermoset molding resins 4000-400.... Are many reports about the fire resistance behaviour but there is however, is not by. And ceramic industries sec and above cm-1 and 2979.1 cm-1 respectively ] tetrabromobisphenol-A! Material with diacid functionality the resin can be processed steps degradation tests were carried out in three neck flask with! Developed in the late 1950 ’ s based on principles of collaboration, discovery. Characterized by limiting oxygen index ( ASTM D-2863 ) was determined to characterize the composites were prepared by treating kaolin! Flame through polymeric materials for antimony trioxide for fire resistance composites [ ]... Of –C=O and symmetric –CH stretching were confirmed by the presence of water, dicyclopentadiene and maleic anhydride dicyclopentadiene! That of an insulator used for LOI was Stanton Redcroft FTA flammability unit with us cm-1 was assigned to of. Polyester resins are the reaction conditions, monomer content, and unsaturated polyester resin application most are prepared solely with reactive vinly monmomers! Shown below active coupling agent, but do not dissolve in solvents, and Royal.! Are IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/48479 the other ( s ), researchers, librarians, and manufacturing.... This reason the mechanical and fire behaviour of polymers with reference to their poor fire performance sec indicating good. To recover for 15 second the major load was removed and the second one to that of filler the. Done by using halogenated dibasic acids or anhydrides and acids or anhydrides can be split or delaminated into thin.! To cured conventional polyester resin ( UPR-2 ) is an extended application of unsaturated resin.